Beowulf Deeper Understanding Essay Example for Free

Beowulf Deeper Understanding Essay In the epic poem Beowulf there is a more universal understanding that can be seen once a reader has taken the time to look deeper into the text of the poem. A characters intentions are not always seen instantaneously. To understand the full meaning of why someone might go out of their way to help another is not always in the kindness of their own heart. A more intense and complicated plot is behind the thoughts of a character named Beowulf. Everything he does always has a catch to it and requires more then a personal thank you. In the poem Beowulf has three battles against foes. The first foe that he encountered was the man beast Grendel. Grendel lived in Denmark, which was a great distance from Beowulfs homeland. On his journey to Grendel he came upon and slayed nicors. Nicors are sea demons and their occurrence in his journey brought Beowulf more honors. The significance of Beowulfs journey and the killing of those beasts was that they brought him glory. This glory was not only shown through his pride although it was also shown through the inhabatince of the land towards Beowulf. The people of the land also gave him precious gifts. These gifts brought out the self-centered and materialistic sides of Beowulf. He didnt slay Grendel to help the people, because his intentions of getting a reward were not accepted out of the kindness of his heart. They were accepted in the sense that he knew that he deserved them and that they should be required to pay him tribute to his greatness. The following foe the Beowulf slayed was Grendels mother. His mother wasnt of any threat to the Danes until Beowulf killed her son. This caused a sedate and low key monster to take offense to the people who she has never tried to revenge against. Beowulfs ways in which he killed Grendel would be offensive to any parent either human or beast. When your sons arm is seen lying torn off his body symbolizing the greatness of his death and the excellence of a human being revenge is the only answer to the situation. The point in which Beowulf was trying to make when killing Grendels mother was that he was showing them that he not only got rid of their biggest  problem but he got rid of the following problem as well. He knew that if he slayed the mother following the son that a more exceptional reward would be given to him. The battle with the mother was more intense then the battle with Grendel because it took place underwater and in that place Beowulf found the deceased body of Grendel. To tip off his fame amongst the Danes he cut off Gredels head and returned home with it to signify his notability once again. Since the first and second beasts were off the hands of the Danes and Beowulf has receive enough personal gratification to meet his needs he now travels back home. All of his gifts of gratitude are brought back with him and a few outstanding items are given to the king in honor of Beowulfs loyalty towards him, although his intentions are not what they seem. His true intentions are to rule the kingdom and he does get his wish once the king dies in battle. While Beowulf is king the people gain much security in him due to his strength in battle. Knowing that Beowulf is less likely to be defeated in battle causes the people to want to treat him better because of the protection that he posses. The last foe the Beowulf goes into battle with is the fire-breathing dragon. The dragon has been in slumber for 300 years until one of Beowulfs peasants disturbs him by stealing his gold from his cave. Once this occurs the dragon periodically comes out of the cave and torments the Geats. Since the dragon is disturbing Beowulfs people he takes it upon himself to slay the dragon, although this will end up being the last battle that he is going to be alive to fight in. Once he returns home he dies shortly after asking to see the treasure that he has won from fighting the dragon. In the battle between the dragon and Beowulf him wanting to see his treasure before he dies acknowledges his materialistic ways. He doesnt ask to see any of his loved ones of the people who have been with him along his journeys, he asks to see what is in his possession before he dies. Beginning the battle he shows his loyalty to his people although his people dont show loyalty towards him because when he went to fight the dragon majority of them ran away. Therefore, Beowulfs dignity and strength traits are not  passed on to majority his people and they are only supporting him when they are not involved in dangerous battles. Beowulf wanted to be appreciated. He knew that his strength was rare and he wanted to be treated as a rare stone would be treated. Everything that he did had to be praised and had to have treasure in the end or it wouldnt be good enough for Beowulf. The fact that he made his people build him a grave and put all of his treasures in it with him shows that his peoples love towards him was not voluntary given. He forced the people to understand that with out him they were nothing and that they would be unable to survive in battle with out him. I believe that he made himself out to be more then he was to make himself feel more out of the crowd then anyone else that obtained a special talent. A persons innermost feelings are never clearly visible physically. To understand how a person thinks and why they feel the way that they feel is a very hard task. One may never understand the human feelings and what their results may concluded too, although ones inner thoughts or feelings (such as Beowulfs) may bring upon a deeper level of frustration. In the epic poem of Beowulf such human actions are expresses once a reader looks deeper into the poems story to see that there are more interpretations that can be made on a larger, more universal level.

An Analysis of Roland Barthes’ Death of the Author Essay -- Death of th

An Analysis of Roland Barthes’ Death of the Author â€Å"The birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.† – Roland Barthes Must the Author be dead to make way for the birth of the reader? In Roland Barthes’ essay â€Å"The Death of the Author,† Barthes asserts that the Author is dead because the latter is no longer a part of the deep structure in a particular text. To him, the Author does not create meaning in the text: one cannot explain a text by knowing about the person who wrote it. A text, however, cannot physically exist disconnected from the Author who writes it. Even if the role of the Author is to mix pre-existing signs, it does not follow that the Author-function is dead. Moreover, Barthes attributes â€Å"authorship† to the reader who forms meaning and understanding. The reader is, however, an abstraction â€Å"without history, biography, psychology†(Barthes 1469). These contexts – history, biography, and psychology – can only be set by the Author. Thus, the Author is alive and well because the text cannot exist without the Author, the mix ing of signs is the Author’s art, and the reader’s meanings forming abilities are nourished by the Author. According to Barthes’ notion of the â€Å"cut-off hand,† a text’s origin is language itself (Barthes 1468). Moreover, â€Å"linguistically, the author is never more than the instance writing, just as I is nothing other than the instance saying I: language knows a ‘subject’, not a ‘person’† (Barthes 1467). What about the Author’s physical presence? Certainly, language itself does not know its physical creator, but it is akin to shutting one’s eyes on reality to not acknowledge the Author who is â€Å"out there.† Because his texts were considered â€Å"da... ...r-Response Criticism.† October 1998. The College of New Rochelle. March 27, 2004 . O’Brien, John. Milan Kundera and feminism: Dangerous intersections. Minnesota: University of Minnesota, 1995. Project Gutenberg. â€Å"What books will I find in Project Gutenberg?† March 28, 2004 . Zilcosky, John. â€Å"The Revenge of the Author: Paul Auster’s Challenge to Theory.† Studies in Contemporary Fiction 39, 3 (Spring 1998): 195-207. 1 â€Å"Himself†, â€Å"him†, â€Å"his†, and â€Å"he† are used for brevity in expressing pronouns of both the male and female genders. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [1][1] â€Å"Himself†, â€Å"him†, â€Å"his†, and â€Å"he† are used for brevity in expressing pronouns of both the male and female genders.

Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 8

Chapter 8 I've managed to sneak into the bathroom long enough to read a few chapters of this New Testament that they've added to the Bible. This Matthew fellow, who is obviously not the Matthew that we knew, seems to have left out quite a little bit. Like everything from the time Joshua was born to the time he was thirty!!! No wonder the angel brought me back to write this book. This Matthew fellow hasn't mentioned me yet, but I'm still in the early chapters. I have to ration myself to keep the angel from getting suspicious. Today he confronted me when I came out of the bathroom. â€Å"You are spending a lot of time in there. You don't need to spend so much time in there.† â€Å"I told you, cleanliness is very important to my people.† â€Å"You weren't bathing. I would have heard the water running.† I decided that I needed to go on the offensive if I was going to keep the angel from finding the Bible. I ran across the room, leapt onto his bed, and fastened my hands around his throat – choking him as I chanted: â€Å"I haven't been laid in two thousand years. I haven't been laid in two thousand years. I haven't been laid in two thousand years.† It felt good, there was a rhythm to it, I sort of squoze his throat a bit with every syllable. I paused for a moment in choking the heavenly host to backhand him across his alabaster cheek. It was a mistake. He caught my hand. Then grabbed me by the hair with his other hand and calmly climbed to his feet, lifting me into the air by my hair. â€Å"Ow, ow, ow, ow, ow,† I said. â€Å"So, you have not been laid in two thousand years? What does that mean?† â€Å"Ow, ow, ow, ow,† I replied. The angel set me on my feet, but kept his grasp on my hair. â€Å"So?† â€Å"It means that I haven't had a woman in two millennia, aren't you picking up any of the vocabulary from the television?† He glanced at the TV, which, of course, was on. â€Å"I don't have your gift of tongues. What does that have to do with choking me?† â€Å"I was choking you because you, once again, are as dense as dirt. I haven't had sex in two thousand years. Men have needs. What the hell do you think I'm doing in the bathroom all of that time?† â€Å"Oh,† the angel said, releasing my hair. â€Å"So you are†¦You have been†¦There is a†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Get me a woman and maybe I won't spend so much time in the bathroom, if you get my meaning.† Brilliant misdirection, I thought. â€Å"A woman? No, I cannot do that. Not yet.† â€Å"Yet? Does that mean†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Oh look,† the angel said, turning from me as if I was no more than vapor, â€Å"General Hospital is starting.† And with that, my secret Bible was safe. What did he mean by â€Å"yet†? At least this Matthew mentions the Magi. One sentence, but that's one more than I've gotten in his Gospel so far. Our second day in Jerusalem we went to see the great Rabbi Hillel. (Rabbi means teacher in Hebrew – you knew that, right?) Hillel looked to be a hundred years old, his beard and hair were long and white, and his eyes were clouded over, his irises milk white. His skin was leathery-brown from sitting in the sun and his nose was long and hooked, giving him the aspect of a great, blind eagle. He held class all morning in the outer courtyard of the Temple. We sat quietly, listening to him recite from the Torah and interpret the verses, taking questions and engaging in arguments with the Pharisees, who tried to infuse the Law into every minute detail of life. Toward the end of Hillel's morning lectures, Jakan, the camel-sucking husband-to-be of my beloved Maggie, asked Hillel if it would be a sin to eat an egg that had been laid on the Sabbath. â€Å"What are you, stupid? The Lord doesn't give a damn what a chicken does on the Sabbath, you nimrod! It's a chicken. If a Jew lays an egg on the Sabbath, that's probably a sin, come see me then. Otherwise don't waste my friggin' time with that nonsense. Now go away, I'm hungry and I need a nap. All of you, scram.† Joshua looked at me and grinned. â€Å"He's not what I expected,† he whispered. â€Å"Knows a nimrod when he sees – uh – hears one, though,† I said. (Nimrod was an ancient king who died of suffocation after he wondered aloud in front of his guards what it would be like to have your own head stuck up your ass.) A boy younger than us helped the old man to his feet and began to lead him away toward the Temple gate. I ran up and took the priest's other arm. â€Å"Rabbi, my friend has come from far away to talk to you. Can you help him?† The old man stopped. â€Å"Where is your friend?† â€Å"Right here.† â€Å"Then why isn't he talking for himself? Where do you come from, kid?† â€Å"Nazareth,† Joshua said, â€Å"but I was born in Bethlehem. I am Joshua bar Joseph.† â€Å"Oh yeah, I've talked to your mother.† â€Å"You have?† â€Å"Sure, almost every time she and your father come to Jerusalem for a feast she tries to see me. She thinks you're the Messiah.† Joshua swallowed hard. â€Å"Am I?† Hillel snorted. â€Å"Do you want to be the Messiah?† Joshua looked at me as if I might have the answer. I shrugged. â€Å"I don't know,† Josh finally said. â€Å"I thought I was just supposed to do it.† â€Å"Do you think you're the Messiah?† â€Å"I'm not sure I should say.† â€Å"That's smart,† Hillel said. â€Å"You shouldn't say. You can think you're the Messiah all that you want, just don't tell anyone.† â€Å"But if I don't tell them, they won't know.† â€Å"Exactly. You can think you're a palm tree if you want, just don't tell anyone. You can think you're a flock of seagulls, just don't tell anyone. You get my meaning? Now I have to go eat. I'm old and I'm hungry and I want to go eat now, so just in case I die before supper I won't go hungry.† â€Å"But he really is the Messiah,† I said. â€Å"Oh yeah,† Hillel said, grabbing my shoulder, then feeling for my head so he could scream into my ear. â€Å"What do you know? You're an ignorant kid. How old are you? Twelve? Thirteen?† â€Å"Thirteen.† â€Å"How could you, at thirteen, know anything? I'm eighty-four and I don't know shit.† â€Å"But you're wise,† I said. â€Å"I'm wise enough to know that I don't know shit. Now go away.† â€Å"Should I ask the Holy of Holies?† Joshua said. Hillel swung at the air, as if to slap Joshua, but missed by a foot. â€Å"It's a box. I saw it when I could still see, and I can tell you that it's a box. And you know what else, if there were tablets in it, they aren't there now. So if you want to talk to a box, and probably be executed for trying to get into the chamber where it's kept, you go right ahead.† The breath seemed to be knocked out of Joshua's body and I thought he would faint on the spot. How could the greatest teacher in all of Israel speak of the Ark of the Covenant in such a way? How could a man who obviously knew every word of the Torah, and all the teachings written since, how could he claim not to know anything? Hillel seemed to sense Joshua's distress. â€Å"Look, kid, your mother says that some very wise men came to Bethlehem to see you when you were born. They obviously knew something that no one else knew. Why don't you go see them? Ask them about being the Messiah.† â€Å"So you aren't going to tell him how to be the Messiah?† I asked. Again Hillel reached out for Joshua, but this time without any anger. He found Joshua's cheek, and stroked it with his palsied hand. â€Å"I don't believe there will be a Messiah, and at this point, I'm not sure it would make a difference to me. Our people have spent more time in slavery or under the heels of foreign kings than we have spent free, so who is to say that it is God's will that we be free at all? Who is to say that God concerns himself with us in any way, beyond allowing us to be? I don't think that he does. So know this, little one. Whether you are the Messiah, or you become a rabbi, or even if you are nothing more than a farmer, here is the sum of all I can teach you, and all that I know: treat others as you would like to be treated. Can you remember that?† Joshua nodded and the old man smiled. â€Å"Go find your wise men, Joshua bar Joseph.† What we did was stay in the Temple while Joshua grilled every priest, guard, even Pharisee about the Magi who had come to Jerusalem thirteen years before. Evidently it wasn't as big an event for others as it was for Josh's family, because no one had any idea what he was talking about. By the time he'd been at it for a couple of hours he was literally screaming into the faces of a group of Pharisees. â€Å"Three of them. Magicians. They came because they saw a star over Bethlehem. They were carrying gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Come on, you're all old. You're supposed to be wise. Think!† Needless to say, they weren't pleased. â€Å"Who is this boy who would question our knowledge? He knows nothing of the Torah and the prophets and yet berates us for not remembering three insignificant travelers.† It was the wrong thing to say to Joshua. No one had studied the Torah harder. No one knew scripture better. â€Å"Ask me any question, Pharisee,† Joshua said. â€Å"Ask anything.† In retrospect, after having grown up, somewhat, and having lived, died, and been resurrected from the dust, I realize that there may be nothing more obnoxious than a teenager who knows everything. Certainly, it is a symptom of the age that they think they know everything, but now I have some sympathy for those poor men who challenged Joshua that day at the Temple. Of course, at the time, I shouted, â€Å"Smite the sons-a-bitches, Josh.† He was there for days. Joshua wouldn't even leave to eat, and I went out into the city to bring him back food. First the Pharisees, but later even some of the priests came to quiz Joshua, to try to throw him some question about some obscure Hebrew king or general. They made him recite the lineages from all the books of the Bible, yet he did not waver. Myself, I left him there to argue while I wandered through the holy city looking for Maggie, then, when I couldn't find her, for girls in general. I slept at the camp of my parents, assuming all the time that Joshua was returning each night to his own family, but I was wrong. When the Passover feast was over and we were packing up to leave, Mary, Joshua's mother, came to me in a panic. â€Å"Biff. Have you seen Joshua?† The poor woman was distraught. I wanted to comfort her so I held my arms out to give her a comforting embrace. â€Å"Poor Mary, calm down. Joshua is fine. Come, let me give you a comforting embrace.† â€Å"Biff!† I thought she might slap me. â€Å"He's at the Temple. Jeez, a guy tries to be compassionate and what does he get?† She had already taken off. I caught up to her as she was dragging Joshua out of the Temple by the arm. â€Å"You worried us half to death.† â€Å"You should have known you would find me in my father's house,† Joshua said. â€Å"Don't you pull that ‘my father' stuff on me, Joshua bar Joseph. The commandment says honor thy father and thy mother. I'm not feeling honored right now, young man. You could have sent a message, you could have stopped by the camp.† Joshua looked at me, his eyes pleading for me to help him out. â€Å"I tried to comfort her, Josh, but she wouldn't have it.† Later I found the two of them on the road to Nazareth and Joshua motioned for me to walk with them. â€Å"Mother thinks we may be able to find at least one of the Magi, and if we find that one, he may know where the others are.† Mary nodded, â€Å"The one named Balthasar, the black one, he said he came from a village north of Antioch. He was the only one of the three that spoke any Hebrew.† I didn't feel confident. Although I'd never seen a map, â€Å"north of Antioch† sounded like a large, unspecific, and scary place. â€Å"Is there more?† â€Å"Yes, the other two had come from the East by the Silk Road. Their names were Melchior and Gaspar.† â€Å"So it's off to Antioch,† Joshua said. He seemed completely satisfied with the information his mother had given him, as if all he needed were the three Magi's names and he'd as much as found them. I said, â€Å"You're going to go to Antioch assuming that someone there will remember a man who may have lived north of there thirteen years ago?† â€Å"A magician,† Mary said. â€Å"A rich, Ethiopian magician. How many can there be?† â€Å"Well, there might not be any, did you think of that? He might have died. He might have moved to another city.† â€Å"In that case, I will be in Antioch,† Joshua said. â€Å"From there I can travel the Silk Road until I find the other two.† I couldn't believe my ears. â€Å"You're not going alone.† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"But Josh, you're helpless out in the world. You only know Nazareth, where people are stupid and poor. No offense, Mary. You'll be like – uh – like a lamb among wolves. You need me along to watch out for you.† â€Å"And what do you know that I don't? Your Latin is horrible, your Greek is barely passable, and your Hebrew is atrocious.† â€Å"Yeah. If a stranger comes up to you on the road to Antioch and asks you how much money you are carrying, what do you tell him?† â€Å"That will depend on how much I am carrying.† â€Å"No it won't. You haven't enough for a crust of bread. You are a poor beggar.† â€Å"But that's not true.† â€Å"Exactly.† Mary put her arm around her son's shoulders. â€Å"He has a point, Joshua.† Joshua wrinkled his brow as if he had to think about it, but I could tell that he was relieved that I wanted to go along. â€Å"When do you want to leave?† â€Å"When did Maggie say she was getting married?† â€Å"In a month.† â€Å"Before then. I don't want to be here when it happens.† â€Å"Me either,† Joshua said. And so we spent the next few weeks preparing for our journey. My father thought I was crazy, but my mother seemed happy to have the extra space in the house and pleased that the family wouldn't have to put up a bride price to marry me off right away. â€Å"So you'll be gone how long?† Mother asked. â€Å"I don't know. It's not a terribly long journey to Antioch, but I don't know how long we'll be there. Then we'll be traveling the Silk Road. I'm guessing that that's a long journey. I've never seen any silk growing around here.† â€Å"Well, take a wool tunic in case it gets cold.† And that was all I heard from my mother. Not â€Å"Why are you going?† Not â€Å"Who are you looking for?† Just â€Å"Take a wool tunic.† Jeez. My father was more supportive. â€Å"I can give you a little money to travel with, or we could buy you a donkey.† â€Å"I think the money would be better. A donkey couldn't carry both of us.† â€Å"And who are these fellows you're looking for?† â€Å"Magicians, I think.† â€Å"And you want to talk to magicians because†¦?† â€Å"Because Josh wants to know how to be the Messiah.† â€Å"Oh, right. And you believe that Joshua is the Messiah?† â€Å"Yes, but more important than that, he's my friend. I can't let him go alone.† â€Å"And what if he's not the Messiah? What if you find these magicians and they tell you that Joshua is not what you think he is, that he's just a normal boy?† â€Å"Well, he'll really need me to be there, then, won't he?† My father laughed. â€Å"Yes, I guess he will. You come back, Levi, and bring your friend the Messiah with you. Now we'll have to set three empty places at the table on Passover. One for Elijah, one for my lost son, and one for his pal the Messiah.† â€Å"Well, don't seat Joshua next to Elijah. If those guys start talking religion we'll never have any peace.† It came down to only four days before Maggie's wedding before Joshua and I accepted that one of us would have to tell her we were leaving. After nearly a whole day of arguing, it fell upon me to go to her. I saw Joshua face down fears in himself that would have broken other men, but taking bad news to Maggie was one he couldn't overcome. I took the task on myself and tried to leave Joshua with his dignity. â€Å"You wuss!† â€Å"How can I tell her that it's too painful to watch her marry that toad?† â€Å"First, you're insulting toads everywhere, and second, what makes you think it's any easier for me?† â€Å"You're tougher than I am.† â€Å"Oh, don't try that. You can't just roll over and expect me to not notice that I'm being manipulated. She's going to cry. I hate it when she cries.† â€Å"I know,† Josh said. â€Å"It hurts me too. Too much.† Then he put his hand on my head and I suddenly felt better, stronger. â€Å"Don't try your Son of God mumbo jumbo on me, you're still a wuss.† â€Å"If it be so, so be it. So it shall be written.† Well, it is now, Josh. It's written now. (It's strange, the word â€Å"wuss† is the same in my ancient Aramaic tongue as it is in this language. Like the word waited for me these two thousand years so I could write it down here. Strange.) Maggie was washing clothes in the square with a bunch of other women. I caught her attention by jumping on the shoulders of my friend Bartholomew, who was gleefully exposing himself for the viewing pleasure of the Nazarene wives. With a subtle toss of my head I signaled to Maggie to meet me behind a nearby stand of date palms. â€Å"Behind those trees?† Maggie shouted. â€Å"Yeah,† I replied. â€Å"You bringing the idiot?† â€Å"Nope.† â€Å"Okay,† she said, and she handed her washing to one of her younger sisters and scampered to the trees. I was surprised to see her smiling so close to the time of her wedding. She hugged me and I could feel the heat rise in my face, either from shame or love, like there was a difference. â€Å"Well, you're in a good mood,† I said. â€Å"Why not? I'm using them all up before the wedding. Speaking of which, what are you two bringing me for a present? It had better be good if it's going to make up for who I have to marry.† She was joyful and there was music and laughter in her voice, pure Maggie, but I had to turn away. â€Å"Hey, I was only joking,† she said. â€Å"You guys don't need to bring me anything.† â€Å"We're leaving, Maggie. We won't be there.† She grabbed my shoulder and forced me to face her. â€Å"You're leaving? You and Joshua? You're going away?† â€Å"Yes, before your wedding. We're going to Antioch, and from there far into the East along the Silk Road.† She said nothing. Tears welled up in her eyes and I could feel them rising in mine as well. This time she turned away. â€Å"We should have told you before, I know, but really we only decided at Passover. Joshua is going to find the Magi who came to his birth, and I'm going with him because I have to.† She wheeled on me. â€Å"You have to? You have to? You don't have to. You can stay and be my friend and come to my wedding and sneak down to talk to me here or in the vineyard and we can laugh and tease and no matter how horrible it is being married to Jakan, I'll have that. I'll at least have that!† I felt as if I'd be sick to my stomach any second. I wanted to tell her that I'd stay, that I'd wait, that if there was the slightest chance that her life wasn't going to be a desert in the arms of her creep husband that I could hold hope. I wanted to do whatever I could to take away even a little bit of her pain, even up to letting Joshua go by himself, but in thinking that, I realized that Joshua must have been feeling the same thing, so all I said was â€Å"I'm sorry.† â€Å"And what about Joshua, wasn't he even going to say good-bye?† â€Å"He wanted to, but he couldn't. Neither of us can, I mean, we didn't want to have to watch you marry Jakan.† â€Å"Cowards. You two deserve each other. You can hide behind each other like Greek boys. Just go. Get away from me.† I tried to think of something to say, but my mind was a soup of confusion so I hung my head and walked away. I was almost out of the square when Maggie caught up to me. I heard her footsteps and turned. â€Å"Tell him to meet me behind the synagogue, Biff. The night before my wedding, an hour after sunset.† â€Å"I'm not sure, Maggie, he – â€Å" â€Å"Tell him,† she said. She ran back to the well without looking back. So I told Joshua, and on the night before Maggie's wedding, the night before we were to leave on our journey, Joshua packed some bread and cheese and a skin of wine and told me to meet him by the date palms in the square where we would share supper together. â€Å"You have to go,† Joshua said. â€Å"I'm going. In the morning, when you do. What, you think I'd back out now?† â€Å"No, tonight. You have to go to Maggie. I can't go.† â€Å"What? I mean, why?† Sure I'd been heartbroken when Maggie had asked to see Joshua and not me, but I'd come to terms with it. Well, as well as one ever comes to terms with an ongoing heartbreak. â€Å"You have to take my place, Biff. There's almost no moon tonight, and we are about the same size. Just don't say much and she'll think it's me. Maybe not as smart as normal, but she can put that down to worry over the upcoming journey.† â€Å"I'd love to see Maggie, but she wants to see you, why can't you go?† â€Å"You really don't know?† â€Å"Not really.† â€Å"Then just take my word for it. You'll see. Will you do this for me, Biff? Will you take my place, pretend to be me?† â€Å"That would be lying. You never lie.† â€Å"Now you're getting righteous on me? I won't be lying. You will be.† â€Å"Oh. In that case, I'll go.† But there wasn't even time to deceive. It was so dark that night that I had to make my way slowly through the village by starlight alone, and as I rounded the corner to the back of our small synagogue I was hit with a wave of sandalwood and lemon and girl sweat, of warm skin, a wet mouth over mine, arms around my back and legs around my waist. I fell backward on the ground and there was in my head a bright light, and the rest of the world existed in the senses of touch and smell and God. There, on the ground behind the synagogue, Maggie and I indulged desires we had carried for years, mine for her, and hers for Joshua. That neither of us knew what we were doing made no difference. It was pure and it happened and it was marvelous. And when we finished we lay there holding each other, half dressed, breathless, and sweating, and Maggie said, â€Å"I love you, Joshua.† â€Å"I love you, Maggie,† I said. And ever so slightly she loosened her embrace. â€Å"I couldn't marry Jakan without – I couldn't let you go without – without letting you know.† â€Å"He knows, Maggie.† Then she really pulled away. â€Å"Biff?† â€Å"Uh-oh.† I thought she might scream, that she might leap up and run away, that she might do any one of a hundred things to take me from heaven to hell, but after only a second she nuzzled close to me again. â€Å"Thank you for being here,† she said. We left at dawn, and our fathers walked with us as far as the gates of Sepphoris. When we parted at the gates my father gave me a hammer and chisel to carry with me in my satchel. â€Å"With that you can make enough for a meal anywhere you go,† my father said. Joseph gave Joshua a wooden bowl. â€Å"Out of that you can eat the meal that Biff earns.† He grinned at me. By the gates of Sepphoris I kissed my father for the last time. By the gates of Sepphoris we left our fathers behind and went out into the world to find three wise men. â€Å"Come back, Joshua, and make us free,† Joseph shouted to our backs. â€Å"Go with God,† my own father said. â€Å"I am, I am,† I shouted. â€Å"He's right here.† Joshua said nothing until the sun was high in the sky and we stopped to share a drink of water. â€Å"Well?† Joshua said. â€Å"Did she know it was you?† â€Å"Yes. Not at first, but before we parted. She knew.† â€Å"Was she angry at me?† â€Å"No.† â€Å"Was she angry at you?† I smiled. â€Å"No.† â€Å"You dog!† he said. â€Å"You really should ask that angel what he meant about you not knowing a woman, Joshua. It's really important.† â€Å"You know now why I couldn't go.† â€Å"Yes. Thanks.† â€Å"I'll miss her,† Joshua said. â€Å"You have no idea,† I said. â€Å"Every detail. I want to know every detail.† â€Å"But you aren't supposed to know.† â€Å"That's not what the angel meant. Tell me.† â€Å"Not now. Not while I can still smell her on my arms.† Joshua kicked at the dirt. â€Å"Am I angry with you, or happy for you, or jealous of you? I don't know? Tell me!† â€Å"Josh, right now, for the first time I can remember, I'm happier being your friend than I would be being you. Can I have that?† Now, thinking about that night with Maggie behind the synagogue, where we stayed together until it was nearly dawn, where we made love again and again and fell asleep naked on top of our clothes – now, when I think of that, I want to run away from here, this room, this angel and his task, find a lake, dive down, and hide from the eye of God in the dark muck on the bottom. Strange.

polarity - definition and examples of polarity in English

Dr. Richard DiMarchi and The Discovery of Insulin Lispro

The discovery of the human insulin analog, insulin lispro (LysB28ProB29), by Dr. Richard DiMarchi and his research team at Eli Lilly and Company is perhaps the most significant recent advances involving the treatment of diabetes mellitus. A group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus was put on the forefront medical science following an international conference in Monaco in 1985 by the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International, which called for the development of fast-acting insulin analogs that mimicked the physiological effects of human insulin (1). While human insulin had been commercially prepared by Eli Lilly and Company since 1923, the efficacy of subcutaneous injections of human insulin was limited†¦show more content†¦As seen in Figure 2, lispro and human insulin were virtually identical in their interactions with both insulin and IGF-I receptors (3). The change in the primary structure of insulin Fig. 2. Affinities of regular insulin, lispro, and IGF-I for the insulin receptor and IGF-I receptor (4). altered the physical properties of insulin, but the biological properties that allowed for the proper metabolic response in the body were conserved. Because of lispro’s ability to both rapidly dissociate and efficiently bind to insulin receptors, it is able to peak more rapidly and disappear at a faster rate in the body compared to regular insulin (5). This finding was highly significant for two reasons as it pertains to insulin therapy for diabetics. First, the rapid action profile allows for the injection of lispro just prior to a meal, creating a more convenient regimen for diabetics. Second, and perhaps more importantly, the quick disappearance of lispro form the bloodstream decreases the likelihood of postprandial hypoglycemia. Regular insulin levels peak around 3 to 4 hours following injection, and continue to lower glucose levels even beyond 6 hours (4), creating a risk for hypoglycemia. The delicate balance between prevention of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia has been a principle issue in the treatment of diabetes. A study in Italy found that when regular insulin was administered 5 minutes prior to a meal, glucose levels was in excess of 10

First Meeting Indirect Functional Assessment Essay

Setting One: Home First Meeting: Indirect Functional Assessment The B.A.T clinical team met John’s mother, Terese and Father, John II on October 3rd, 2016, at Terese’s home. On this date the clinical team conducted an indirect functional assessment, which consisted of a parent interview and a review of ABA services in relation to John. The clinical team gathered information regarding John’s history (as outlined in the section above) and inquired about the challenges they encounter, including all behaviors that are of concern. John was present during the visit. Mom reported that John has difficulty with complying to one-step instructions and will often tell parents when given a one-step instruction â€Å"No thanks, maybe later.† Parents report that it will take up to 15 minutes for John to comply with the one-step instruction. When dad gives John one-step instruction, John will often growl at dad or grab dad’s skin. Parents also reported, that John can talk in complete sentences and on occasion his sentences are broken up. According to Mom, John can answer† Wh questions† and he can ask questions. In addition, John can answer some social questions. In terms of socializing, John will engage with peers. Parents added that John is in Boy Scouts and soccer. Dad stated that John often wrestles with his peers in Boy Scouts. Mom added, that mentally John is at the level of a seven-year old and he tends to play with kids around the age of seven years old. Parents add that John engages inShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of A Functional Assessment And A Potential Behavior Support Plan1700 Words   |  7 PagesHoyte D.O.B: 02/17/2008 Gender: Male School Year: 2015-2016 Age: 8 School: Oniondale Union Free School District Meeting Information Date: 8/29/2015 Participants: M. Parker, Guidance Counselor, B. Michael, Social worker, Parent, D. Shaw Principal, S. Roberts, Behavioral Consultant, Classroom Teachers; D. 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The Role of Foundation House in Helping Traumatized People in Austra

The Role of Foundation House in Helping Traumatized People in Australia Surveying Foundation House execution in helping traumatized people is a hard task or troublesome assignment. In any case, it is worth gaining from different perceptions directed on NGO execution in allaying fear. Foundation House have expanded the scale on the sort of parts they play. In this contemporary time, Foundation House are immensely living up to expectations, and helping government, organizations, and the country traumatized in the battle against traumatized people in the world, which was their customary part amid the conflict. In spite of the fact that Foundation House are evaluated for their gigantic work, different researchers have opined that they don't see their embodiment because of the way that numerous have fallen underneath desires. In this paper, on the other hand, specialist's undertaking is to audit the writing of other insightful fills in as it identify with Foundation House parts in helping people traumatized to overcome fear. Stone (2000) has said that Foundat ion House have a vital part to play in supporting people and family units, group bunches, common society gathers and expected that they can meet the welfare. It is noted that some part and capacities for Foundation House, for example, guiding and help administration, mindfulness raising and promotion, lawful support and microfinance. These administrations help the individuals to attain their capacity, ability and learning, and take control over their own particular lives lastly get to be enabled and independence after trauma. I concur with the creator, because if a task like microfinance is implemented, the living standard of individuals will be moved forward. This proof will be seen in the following section. This has likewise noted three real capacities for Foundation House, for example, (administration conveyance (e.g. easing, welfare, fundamental abilities); instructive procurement (e.g. fundamental abilities and frequently basic examination of social situations); and open arrangement support as this is the situation with Foundation House in Australia. In his composition portrayed how specific Foundation House with a clear statements of purpose can advertise the association and "strengthening" of traumatized people, especially traumatized individuals and households, through a consolidation of micro-credit, mindfulness raising, preparing for gathering parts which is limit building and other social administrations, with a plan to decrease trauma and fear among social orders. Foundation House general point is to moderate Trauma and fear related problems through exercises that push limit building and independence. It has stated that that Foundation House through limit building help to maintain group improvement support government in the procurement of essential social civilities in fight against fear from civil wars among other causes of trauma. Foundation House are frequently made to stretch the limits of individuals and government there by breaking the c revice of Trauma and fear related problems. Foundation House are applauded for advertising group confidence and strengthening through supporting group built rallies and depending in light of participatory procedures in Australia case in point where survival for day by day bread is a real jump, Foundation House has been seen as saviors of human enduring the proof is in most parts of the world were sixty percent of residents survival indigent upon benefactors. Maintainable advancement, then again, has developed over the recent decades as a paramount ideal model for Trauma and fear related problems. Stone (2000) have noted, maintainable quality is established to a great extent in a natural methodology, especially in the industrialized nations. Anyway, the objective of manageable advancement is to discover a harmony between three columns - social, financial, and natural of groups (Staples 2007). Foundation House Microfinace Role a Strategy for Truma and Fear Alleviation Microfinance is an alternate imperative part of Foundation House completely utilized in contacting traumatized people. Their parts in this part, has enormously helped allaying fear among traumatized people. The motivation behind utilizing microfinance to mitigate fear is because of what part microfinance can play and what sway it made on the beneficiaries. Microfinance has an exceptionally critical part to play being developed as indicated by advocates of microfinance. In the 1990s, researchers have progressively alluded to microfinance as a powerful method for Trauma and fear related problems diminishment. The microfinance has since a long time ago existed in Australia, yet saw it decrease when government created saving money organizations assumed control (Guay, Doh Sinclair 2004). The World Bank found, in 1998, that the fear 48% of Bangladeshi families with access to microcredit from Grameen Bank climbed over the Trauma and fear related problems line. In People's Republic of China (PRC), for example, microfinance projects have bailed lift 150 million individuals out of Trauma and fear related problems since 1990. It has been found that microcredit beneficiaries expanded their pay by $36, contrasted and $18 for non-clients. Customers of microfinance for the most part moved from unpredictable, low-paid day by day employments to more secured vocation in India (Guay, Doh Sinclair 2004) shows the different courses in which "microfinance, at its center battles fear". She states that microfinance makes access to gainful capital for traumatized people, which together with human capital, tended to through instruction and preparing, and social capital, accomplished through nearby association building, empowers individuals to move out of fear. By giving material cash flow to a traumatized people, their feeling of respect is fortified and this can help to engage the individual to partake in the economy and society. The point of microfinance as indicated is not pretty much giving funding to the traumatized to battle Trauma and fear related problems on an individual level, it additionally has a part at an institutional level. It looks to make establishments that convey fiscal administrations to traumatized people, who are constantly disregarded by the formal keeping money area. There has been attention to the significance of microfinance in strengthening, especially ladies strengthening. Microfinance is characterized as endeavors to enhance the right to gain entrance to advances and to sparing administrations for traumatized people. Fabian Loh, (2000) states that studies have demonstrated that microfinance assumes key parts being developed. It is right now being pushed as a key advancement procedure for pushing fear destruction and monetary strengthening. It can possibly viably address material Trauma and fear related problems, the physical hardship of merchandise and administrations, and the salary to achieve them by allowing money related administrations to family units who are not backed by the formal managing an account area . Microcredit projects give little advances and funds chances to the individuals who have customarily been avoided from business monetary administrations. As an improvement incorporation methodology, received by Foundation House through the procurement of stores to both generally settled gatherings and government and private establishments, microfinance projects underline ladies' monetary commitment as an approach to build general fiscal productivity inside national economies. It ought to be noted that ladies are dependably at kindness with respect to social distorts .According to Fabian Loh, (2000) a standout amongst the most famous manifestations of monetary strengthening for ladies is microfinance, which gives credit to traumatized people who are typically rejected from formal credit foundations. This issue of sexual orientation separation in the microfinance division have been explored and wrangled by benefactor orgs, Foundation House, women's activists, and activists. Foundation House capacity Building Role a Strategy for Trauma Alleviation Limit building is an alternate Foundation House system and part that serves to extension a crevice between those who are well off and have not in the public eye. Limit building is a methodology to improvement that assembles autonomy. It could be: An 'unfortunate obligation', where the reason for existing is for others to assume programs. Is a methodology, where the limit building systems are routinely consolidated as a critical component of powerful practice. Fabian Loh (2000) has characterized limit assembling as the capacity of one gathering (Foundation House) to reinforce the advancement capabilities of an alternate gathering (neighborhood groups) through training, expertise preparing and authoritative backing. Limit building is a methodology used to create not a set of foreordained exercises. There is no single path to the construct limit of an individual or gatherings of people. In spite of the fact that encounter lets us know that there is a need to work over the key activity territories, experts approach every circumstance independently to distinguish prior limits and create techniques specific to a system or association, in now is the right time and spot. Before starting to construct limit inside projects, specialists need to recognize prior limits, for example, aptitudes, structures, organizations and assets. There are has been tallied various measurements for group limit including monetary limit (assets, opportunities and learning), human assets (aptitudes, inspirations, certainty, and social capacities and trust) and social assets (systems, cooperation structures, imparted trust and holding). It has presented limit fabricating as the procedure by which people, gatherings, and associations build their capabilities to start with, perform center capacities, tackle issues, characterize and attain goals; and second, comprehend and bargain with their improvement needs in an expansive setting and in a reasonable way. Foundation House, through the procurement of training, aptitudes and information, create the limit of group towards accomplishing economic improvement. In fact, Foundation House go about as a limit manufacturer to help the groups to create the assets, building mindfulness, inspiring to investment in task lastly enhancing the nature of group's lives. Foundation House Roles of Self-Reliance and Sustainable Community Development a Strategy for Trauma Alleviation Independence is an alternate technique that influences feasible group improvement. Powerful group improvement sits on the establishment of confidence. The idea of independence is deliberately arranged inside the embodiment of group improvement and is identified with different ideas like shared help, self-improvement, interest of the indigenous individuals and country advance. Confidence empowers the need for individuals to utilize neighborhood activities, their capabilities and their belonging to enhance their condition. (Fabian Loh 2000) have brought up that confidence is progressively being embraced as business as usual for group improvement. Thus, to achieve confidence, Foundation House and group bunches must uncover their potential and search for approaches to imaginatively create such uncovered potential to use as wellsprings of riches for the advancement of the group. Propelling and preparing individuals to act naturally dependent and to take an interest being developed exercises turn into a paramount destination of the Foundation House. As per, independence implies that the individuals depend on their own assets and are free of stores sourced outside the group. Independent system depends on the eagerness and capability of the neighborhood individuals to rely on upon their own particular accessible assets and innovation which they can control and oversee. A confident procedure requires the discretionary utilization of all accessible human, characteristic and innovative assets. Despite the fact that reliance on the state perhaps alluring in the short term, it ought not be a long haul objective, in light of the fact that the point of the group improvement should at last act naturally dependence. Grabosky (1995) has kept up that dependence on outer assets will prompt the loss of self-governance and freedom of the group, hence groups ought to be sure to do self-sufficient projects. This as per him, self-ruling groups can thrive just without such outside reliance. As per Fabian Loh, 2000, the second method of the Foundation House concentrates on creating the limits of the individuals to better help through independent nearby activity. In the second era methodology, as specified that the nearby idleness is the heart of issue in a town or group. There is a potential vitality in a group however stays latent in light of the latency of convention, detachment, and absence of training. Foundation House Humanitarian Assistance/Relief Services Roles for Trauma Alleviation The procurement of nourishment and non-sustenance things amid crisis periods and war time and different debacles periods, regularly see NGOs works as imperative one. The procurement of these things is short run yet extremely essentialness in assuaging Trauma and fear related problems. As indicated by Grabosky (1995), humane aid is a quickest intends to battle fear and guarantee practicality in today's general public. Amid crisis period, governments are not able to settle their uprooted and evacuee populace, as a result of insufficiencies of assets. As an aftereffect of the inadequacy of the administration, the issue of Foundation House increase into a nation gets to be verifiable. Clash and different debacles that happened in the public eye constantly left a solid fear seat mark. Amid these clashing periods, lives, properties, and physical foundations, ailments, and different unsafe issues are left as solid legacy in our general public. To cure these legacies, Humanitarian NGOs have distinctive methods to execute their easing projects. By and large, the parts of Foundation House are still easily proven wrong the same number of sees their parts as positive and others sees these parts as not legitimate. It has been noted that, NGO commitments in fear diminishment are restricted. It has been expressed that it is hard to discover general confirmation that NGOs are near traumatized people. There is developing confirmation that regarding Trauma and fear related problems lessening, NGOs don't execute as viably as had been normally expected by numerous offices. Confirmation that is more particular is given by (Grabosky 1995). who led a careful investigation on sixteen NGOs attempted in four nations in Asia and Africa. They found that while NGO ventures achieve the traumatized people, they tend not to arrive at down to the exceptionally fear. NGO ventures additionally have a tendency to be little scale. The aggregate numbers aided are likewise little. Moreover, it is additionally uncommon for NGO tasks to be fiscally independent. At long last, despite the fact that NGOs execute various extremely creative activities, a number of them seem, by all accounts, to be unwilling to improve in specific zones or exercises. Hence, because of these impediments, the parts of NGOs in reducing fear cannot be overstated. Conclution The writing built the essential parts played by of Foundation House in the battle against fear through micro-fund, limit building, confidence, peace building, economical group improvement, and strengthening particularly ladies' strengthening all going for Trauma and fear related problems reduction. Foundation House through the micro-account help parts of group to get to occupations, pay era and enhance financial circumstance there by reducing Trauma and fear related problems from traumatized people. And afterward they would get to be enabled financially. Foundation House produced the limits of group, for example, abilities, capabilities, learning, holdings and propels the group to take part in the task to enhance the nature of their lives. Foundation House demonstration as limit developers that help the group to accomplish the strengthening especially singular strengthening. Since the reasoning of group advancement is free from any outside operators, in this way the group must depend on their own assets. Foundation House do aid the group to run across their possibilities furthermore assemble group to act naturally dependent. In this manner, the last result of group advancement is the freedom of the group from outer operators in figuring its plan and dealing with its undertakings. This procedure includes limit building, where individuals get included in human capital preparing, exchanging of power from contributor to beneficiary and get helps from stakeholders. At the point when individuals get to be completely engaged, they can help to manageable advancement.